He retired from public life in 1957. Some have even accused him of being a traitor. Jose passed away of cause of death on month day 1959, at age 68 at death place. Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Unformatted text preview: JOSE P. LAUREL (1891 - 1959) Jose P. Laurel, in full Paciano Laurel y Garcia, was born on March 9, 1891 in the City of Tanauan, Batangas.He died November 6, 1959 in Manila at the age of 68. José Alberto ’Pepe’ Mujica Cordano (Montevideo, 1935. május 20. Married in 1912, he was the father of nine children. Vice presidents № Vice president (Birth–Death) President 1 Sergio Osmeña (9 September 1878 – 19 October 1961) (Lived: 83 years) Manuel L. Quezon Vacant August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946 Jose P. Laurel Sergio Osmeña 2 Elpidio Quirino (16 November 1890 – 29 February 1956) (Lived: 65 years) Manuel Roxas His presidency is remembered … JN I943, towards the middle of Japan's occupation of the Philippines, as the tide of war was turning, Jose P. Laurel accepted the Presidency of the Republic.' Two years later, when he was under indictment for treason, he claimed that he had been forced to take that office. During this time, the Philippines is still under Japanese occupation (independence from Americans was not granted until July 4, 1946). This video traverses the President Jose P. Laurel highway or the Manila - Batangas road. After the war, he would be denounced by the pro American sectors as a war collaborator or even a traitor, although his indictment for treason was superseded by President Roxas’ Amnesty Proclamation. This unicameral assembly was created through the sponsorship of the Japanese authorities. President Jose P. Laurel. José R. Sánchez, President and Chief Executive Officer of Norwegian American Hospital, is Chicago’s only Latino hospital CEO. José lived in Batangas. Philippine History and Government. José married Pacencia Laurel. The first marker was placed by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in recognition of the building as the official residence of Jose P. Laurel. In 1957, Laurel hosted a luncheon at the mansion in honor of James Langley, a New Hampshire newspaper publisher. Jose P. Laurel (March 9, 1891 - November 6, 1959) was the third President of the Philippines, and the only President of the Second Republic. José Laurel was a Filipino politician and judge. He made many contributions because of those characteristics. Request Permissions, Published By: Association for Asian Studies, Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. In Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the Late 19th Century to the End of World War II Sven Matthiessen offers an account of the development of Japanese Pan-Asianism and the perception of the Philippines within this ideology. Jose P. Laurel is being sworn in as the President of the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic in 1943. Source: Wikimedia Commons. No other Filipino president apart from Laurel can claim to have worked in the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government. How much do we know about the “the puppet president”, Jose P. Laurel? Jose P. Laurel was labelled as a Japanese collaborator, a traitor, and a president who betrayed his entire country in the hands of the colonizers. However, unknown to many, Laurel was more than what history makes him to be. Since the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965), Laurel has been officially recognized by later administrations as former president of the Philippines. The younger Laurel received a law degree from the University of the Philippines in 1915 and an advanced jurisprudence degree in 1919 before earning a doctorate in civil law from Yale University in the United States in 1920. On October 20, 1944, the Allied forces led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur landed on the island of Leyte to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese. He had a very controversial presidency. However, despite being one of the most infamous figures in Philippine history, he is also regarded … This is the wiki of "Jose P. Laurel". Unfortunately, Laurel did not have the chance to clear his name through the courts because his cases were never brought to trial following a general amnesty by Manuel Roxas in 1948. Laurel. In 1957 he retired from public life, and on November 6, 1959 he died from a heart attack. Jose Paciano Laurel y Garcia was the president of the Japanese-Sponsored Republic of the Philippines during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. José Paciano Laurel y García (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was a Filipino politician and judge. Found inside – Page 30Up to the moment of tragedy the November presidential elections in the Philippines had seemed supremely ... The most prominent of the Nationalist front runners was Jose Laurel, 66, senator, ex-president (under the Japanese), ... Jose P. Laurel was the third President of the Philippines. October 22, 1943. Laurel was put in Sugamo prison then was later transferred to Nara for house arrest. This book proves Mark Twain’s adage that you cannot have an empire abroad and a republic at home.”—Bruce Cumings, University of Chicago “This book lays the Philippine body politic on the examination table to reveal the disease that ... Jose Paciano Laurel Y Garcia, was born on March 9, 1891 in Tanauan (now Tanauan City), Batangas.Since the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965), Laurel has been recognized as a legitimate president of the Philippines.. Laurel's Supreme court tenure may have been over-shadowed by his presidency, yet he remains one of the most important Supreme … José P. Laurel was born on March 9 1891, in Tanauan, Batangas. He served as the 3rd president of the Philippines having been appointed by the Japanese authorities in the country during World War II. He retired to private practice, but by 1934, he was again elected to public office, this time as a delegate to the 1935 Constitutional Convention. Bread and Freedom. President Laurel, however, decided to go alone and assume full responsibility so that his Cabinet members would not be separated from their families. Laurel’s intercession came too late to save Jose Abad Santos. "... his concern for the Filipino people extended to every individual Filipino. Why Famous: José Laurel had a distinguished career as a supreme court justice before, during the WW II Japanese occupation of the Philippines he cooperated with the Japanese by forming a government in 1943 and assuming the presidency. Jose P. Laurel, a leader, a Secretary of the Interior (1923), senator (1925-1931), delegate to the Constitutional Convention (1934), a chief justice during the commonwealth. Jose P. Laurel Presidency The presidency of Laurel understandably remains one of the most controversial in Philippine history. In 1957 he retired from public life, and on November 6, 1959 he died from a heart attack. Laurel was put in Sugamo prison then was later transferred to Nara for house arrest. He received an LL.B. José Paciano Laurel y García CCLH (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was a Filipino politician and judge. Jose P. Laurel was labelled as a Japanese collaborator, a traitor, and a president who betrayed his entire country in the hands of the colonizers. Omissions? Jose P. Laurel is being sworn in as President of the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic in 1943. Jose P. Laurel, appointed president of the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence—and relying on his long experience in government and his role in framing the 1935 Constitution—took the lead in crafting the 1943 Constitution, whose transitory provisions underscored its temporary nature.As Dr. Ricardo T. Jose writes, “The … Jose P. Laurel, the President of the Second Republic of the Philippines, officially known as the Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines, was a patriot, nationalist, jurist, statesman and political philosopher of the highest order. Jose P. Laurel: A "COLLABORATOR" MISUNDERSTOOD DAVID STEINBERG JN I943, towards the middle of Japan's occupation of the Philippines, as the tide of war was turning, Jose P. Laurel accepted the Presidency of the Republic.' Jose Yulo, as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, administered the oath to Laurel. Updates? An Associate Justice of the Supreme Court before becoming president, he was also an educator, having founded the Lyceum of the Philippines. Puppet Republic Jose P. Laurel was known to be the president of the puppet republic. October 21, 1944. As president, Laurel (1944, 3) presented his desired total reform as "comprehensive," "far-reaching," and implying "a complete renovation of the individual and collective life of the Filipinos." Jose P. Laurel (March 9, 1891 - November 5, 1959). Jose P. Laurel (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was the third president of the Republic of the Philippines. "-Jose P. Laurel degree from Yale in 1920, and an LL.D. THIRD REPUBLIC Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, 56(11) , 2362-2366. It's a weekend drive to Batangas. Laurel offered his services to the Japanese, and, because of his criticism of U.S. rule of the Philippines, he held a series of high posts in 1942–43, climaxing in his selection as president in 1943. Jose P. Laurel's Political Philosophy Jose P. Laurel's Art of Diplomacy Negations on the puppet presidency Statement of the Problem Based on the reviewed literatures and the foregoing valid assumptions the following statements are enlisted to provide the foundation of this study: 1. Since the administration of Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965), Laurel has been recognized as a legitimate president of the Philippines. At the same time, the Japanese forces installed a puppet government in Manila headed by Jose P. Laurel as president. Years after serving his term as president of the second republic from 1943 to 1945, Jose P. Laurel built a three-story house near the Wack Wack Golf and Country Club that occupied 1,000 square meters of the land once overrun with cogon. As the Japanese invasion mopped the Philippines up, then President Manuel L. Quezon instructed Jose P. Laurel to take care of the country as the former left for the US to maintain a Philippine government-in-exile. An Evaluation of Laurel’s “Youth of My Beloved Land”. Jose P. Laurel was elected as president of the second republic (the first republic was Aguinldo's Malolos Republic) and both Benigno Aquino Sr. & Ramon Avancena as a vice-presidents. On the occasion of his death on Nov. 6, 1959, President Carlos P. Garcia would have wished to have him interred at the Libingan ng mga Bayani, but the Laurel family, respecting the deceased’s wish to be buried beside his Nanay Ubay (Jacoba Garcia Laurel), had Dr. Laurel entombed beside his mother in a niche in the public … It explains Imelda's much vaunted charisma that, in President Marcos' own words, garnered one million votes in the 1965 elections. She is a person who is difficult to be indifferent to. This book tells us why. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Today, March 9, marks the 130th birthday anniversary of Jose Paciano Laurel, the President of the Puppet Government during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Jose Laurel was a Filipino lawyer and politician. The mansion became the de facto Nacionalist Party headquarters when José Laurel, Jr. acquired the property after his father's death on November 1959. Participants. José Paciano Laurel y García CCLH (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was a Filipino politician and judge. ... On August 17, 1945, from Nara Hotel in Nara, Japan, President Laurel issued an Executive Proclamation which declared the dissolution of his regime. His father had been an official in the revolutionary government of Emilio Aguinaldo and a signatory to the 1898 Malolos Constitution. Location. President of the Philippines, Jose P. Laurel Assuming office Chief Justice of the Philippines, José Yulo Administering oath. The presidency of Dr. Jose P. Laurel remains to be one of the most controversial issues in Philippine history. After the war, he would be denounced by the pro-American sectors as a war collaborator or even a traitor, although his indictment for treason was superseded by President Roxas' Amnesty Proclamation. Listen to the best live radio stations in Chicago, IL. This quarterly has been published regularly since For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions However, unknown to many, Laurel was more than what history makes him to be. Corrections? The Jose P. Laurel Residence or Villa Pacencia is a historic house located at 515 Shaw Boulevard in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila. This government is known as the Second Philippine Republic. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the Ang orihinal na bilis ng ating pambansang awit para sa piano at sa brass band ay 2/4. He was a Filipino lawyer, jurist, and politician and led the government as the 3rd President of the Philippines and the first and only President of the Second Republic, from … More than half of the commonwealth Senate and more than one-third of the House served at one time in the Japanese-sponsored regime.…. Ayon kay Ocampo, “Then in the 1920s to make singing easier, the time signature was adjusted from 2/4 to 4/4 and the key was changed from the original C to G.”. [2] Laurel and Langley signed the Laurel-Langley Agreement in 1954, which amended the Bell Trade Act of 1946 and provided for an increase in the duties imposed on U.S. products and a decrease in the duties imposed on Philippine goods.[3]. José P. Laurel, in full José Paciano Laurel, (born March 9, 1891, Tanauan, Luzon, Philippines—died November 6, 1959, Manila), Filipino lawyer, politician, and jurist, who served as president of the Philippines (1943–45) during the Japanese occupation during World War II.. Laurel was born and raised in a town south of Manila.His father served in the cabinet of Emilio Aguinaldo … This updated edition includes a new chapter on the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI, the election of Pope Francis, and his extraordinary tenure thus far. What was the puppet government in the Philippines? Laurel." He was elected by the National Assembly as President of the Republic on September 25, 1943 and inducted on October 14, 1943. Birth Date –> March 9, 1891. With a focus on political corruption, the 2004 edition of Transparency International's Global Corruption Report (GCR) identifies some of today's most pressing issues in the fight against corruption around the world. The three-story house was built in 1957 and was one of the three houses owned by the President of the Second Republic of the Philippines, José P. Laurel. Stream online for free, only on iHeart! His pre-war public career … Thanks for uploading. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. José Laurel was a Filipino politician and judge. Laurel is still very popular and, despite his retirement, could quickly rally considerable popular report. Laurel's presidency remains controversial and wasn't officially recognized by later regimes until the 1960s. On the fourteenth of this month a puppet Government was set up in the Philippine Islands with Jose P. Laurel, formerly a Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court, as "President." October 14, 1943. Dr. Jose P. Laurel was the Philippine President of the Second Republic (1943-1945), and the only President to have served in all three branches of the Government. Dr. Laurel would not wish it that way anyway. (1944-1946) President: Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. (Assumed the presidency upon the death of Quezon while the Philippine Commonwealth government is in exile in the U.S.) SECOND REPUBLIC (Japanese Occupation) (1943-1945) President: Jose P. Laurel (1943-1945) Vice-Presidents: Benigno Aquino, Sr. and Ramon Avancena . involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary Legislative Building, Manila. Sánchez has a 30-plus year career as a health care executive and possesses a wealth of knowledge of the health care industry. In July 1946 he was charged with dozens of counts of treason, but he never stood trial; he shared in a general amnesty declared by President Manuel Roxas in April 1948. Since the administration of Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965), Laurel has been recognized as a legitimate president of the Philippines. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (December 1941), and the subsequent Japanese assault on the Philippines, Laurel stayed in Manila; President Manuel Quezon had escaped, first to the Bataan Peninsula and then to the United States. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 8, 1941, Dr. Laurel was ordered to remain in Manila by President Manuel L. Quezon, who fled to Corregidor and then to the United States to establish a Commonwealth government in exile. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Jose Paciano Laurel y Garcia, the Philippines' third president, was born on March 9, 1891, in Tanuan, Batangas, and died on November 6, 1959, at the age of 68. Published originally in 1987 by the Research and Analysis Division's Special Studies Series, The Hukbalahap Insurrection has received wide acclaim and sufficient attention to warrant wider distribution. President Laurel did not have many good achievements. He even founded Lyceum of the Philippines. As a lawyer for the local Japanese community before World War II, he was able to build strong ties with the Japanese before, during, and after the war. He was a Filipino lawyer, jurist, and politician and led the government as the 3rd President of the Philippines and the first and only President of the Second Republic, from … Found inside – Page 55They were Carlos Garcia, Magsay- say's vice president and successor; Jose Yulo, sugar planter, Senator Claro ... The most unconventional result was defeat of Garcia's running mate, Jose Laurel Jr., who is regarded as anti-American. Jose P. Laurel also elected as Congressman prior to presidency. On August 17, 1945, from Nara Hotel in Nara, Japan, President Laurel issued an Executive Proclamation which declared the dissolution of his regime. On August 17, 1945, from Nara Hotel in Nara, Japan, President Laurel issued an Executive Proclamation which declared the dissolution of his regime. Jose P. Laurel became president in 1943 until 1945. Historians from different institutions such as Xiao Chua, Rey Ileto, Florina Orillos-Juan, and Ricardo T. Jose, together with descendants of President Laurel, have teamed up to produce the docu-drama Laurel, focused on the man’s wartime activities as President of the Republic under Japan. Dr. (1985). Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Her inaugural poem, 'The Hill We Climb,' is now available to cherish in this special edition" For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been [7], House of the late president, Jose P. Laurel, in Mandaluyong, National Historical Commission of the Philippines, "Villars take over storied Laurel house on Shaw Boulevard", http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20080713-148119/Villars-take-over-storied-Laurel-house-on-Shaw-Blvd, "Signing of the Laurel-Langley Agreement", "Briefer: Diplomatic relations between the Philippines and Indonesia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jose_P._Laurel_Residence&oldid=1017002402, Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila, Philippines articles missing geocoordinate data, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 April 2021, at 07:11. field of Asian Studies. President Garcia’s speech at the dinner held Wednesday evening at the Manila Hotel in honor of the memory of the late Senator Jose P. Laurel. Memorandum of Sabido, Pedro to Laurel, Jose P. regarding the distribution of confiscated rice. The order was transmitted to President Jose P. Laurel through Japanese Ambassador Murata. His parents were Sotero Laurel, Sr. and Jacoba García. President Laurel is the only Philippine president who … section. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable Elected to the Senate in 1951, Laurel helped to persuade Ramon Magsaysay, then secretary of defense, to desert the Liberals and join the Nationalists. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. This new edition incorporates increased coverage of both Japan's role within East Asia (particular with China, Korea, and Manchuria) as well as cultural and intellectual history. President of the Second Philippine Republic [1] Jose P. Laurel became president in 1943 until 1945. Laurel was the Nationalist Party’s nominee for the presidency of the Republic of the Philippines in 1949, but he was narrowly defeated by the incumbent president, Elpidio Quirino, the nominee of the Liberal Party. “Puppet president” seemed like a term that became current immediately after the war, when Laurel was denounced as a “collaborator” and charged with treason. President Jose Paciano G. Laurel Sr. is the only Philippine President who served the three branches of government. As president, Laurel did his best to cushion the effects of a brutal enemy occupation on the Filipino people. Sevilla, Victor J. Laurel, Jose P. (1953). José Paciano Laurel y García (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was the president of the Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. Jose Paciano Laurel (March 9, 1891 -- November 6, 1959) Early life and career: José Paciano Laurel was born on March 9, 1891 in the town of Tanauan, Batangas. Sources. Found inside – Page 140More than 50,000 people came to see the ailing president, who rarely left the presidential palace, and gave him support to run for ... Laurel was one of the nine children of former President Jose Laurel under the Japanese rule. Series 3, Box 7. His wife and sons volunteered to go with him. In his war memoirs, which were completed in prison in Japan in 1945 while awaiting trial, After his amnesty he still remained in the government and was even elected as a senator in the years that followed. Jose P. Laurel Philippine President 1891-1959 "A nation fights for independence and tries to achieve the maximum of safety, not only because it is its God-given right to be independent and free from molestation but because without freedom and security, it does not have full opportunity to work out it own destiny. Some two weeks later, Laurel was invited to a party which General Homma gave at Manila Hotel. He was the president of the Second Philippine Republic, a Japanese puppet state when occupied during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. Unformatted text preview: JOSE P. LAUREL (1891 - 1959) Jose P. Laurel, in full Paciano Laurel y Garcia, was born on March 9, 1891 in the City of Tanauan, Batangas.He died November 6, 1959 in Manila at the age of 68. This volume is a manifestation of the continuing interest of scholars at the University of Michigan in Philippine studies. Series 3, Box 7. Jose Paciano Laurel (1891—1959) was a Filipino lawyer, politician, and jurist, who served as the president of the Second Philippine Republic (1943–45), a Japanese puppet state during World War II. Laurel was born on 9 March 1891 in Tanauan, Batangas to Sotero Laurel and Jacoba Garcia. As we do not sell copied texts, you Essay Of President Jose P Laurel can forget about sleepless nights when you were trying Essay Of President Jose P Laurel to get out of the creative rut. The presidency of Dr. Jose P. Laurel remains to be one of the most controversial issues in Philippine history. The house was named Villa Pacencia in honor of his wife, Pacencia Hidalgo y Valencia. He would serve for one term before losing his re-election bid in 1931 to Claro M. Recto. - This book is printed in a 16 pt. large font for easier reading. Sa lithograph, wala pa itong mga titik. Dr. Jose P. Laurel was president of the 2nd Republic of the Philippines during World War II (1943-1945). Even if many Filipinos said that he is a puppet president of the Japanese, his role during those trying times has overshadowed the fact that he is probably one of the most accomplished Filipinos of all time. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Since … 1 Jose Paciano Laurel was born on March 9, 1891, at Tanauan, Batangas Province, and he died on November 6, 1959. For further information about AAS activities, publications, and membership, please see the AAS website: http://www.asian-studies.org. Contrary to popular belief, the “P” is … Formed in 1941, the Association for Asian Studies--the largest society of its kind in the world--is a scholarly, non-political, and non-profit professional association open to all persons interested in Asia. On August 17, 1945, from Nara Hotel in Nara, Japan, President Laurel issued an Executive Proclamation which declared the dissolution of his regime. When Magsaysay became president, Laurel headed an economic mission that in 1955 negotiated an agreement to improve economic relations with the United States. He was the president of the Second Philippine Republic, a Japanese puppet state when occupied during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jose-P-Laurel, Republic of the Philippines - Presidential Museum and Library - Jose P. Laurel. José Paciano Laurel y García CCLH (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was a Filipino politician and judge. Despite Marcos's efforts to stop its publication, The Conjugal Dictatorship was published in 1976. A year after the publication of the book, Tibo was never heard from again and was declared legally dead years later. He made many contributions because of those characteristics. President Jose Paciano G. Laurel, Sr. is the only Philippine President who served the three branches of government. Presented at the DLSU Research Congress 2015 De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines March 2-4, 2015 The Economic Nationalism of Jose P. Laurel Jose Victor D. Jimenez* *De La Salle University-Manila jose.victor.jimenez@dlsu.edu.ph Abstract: While her political independence was restored on July 4, 1946 by the United States, the Philippines was unable to extricate herself … He was the president of the Second Philippine Republic, a Japanese puppet stateSecond Philippine Republic, a Japanese puppet state Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945) The 3rd among Philippine presidents to assume office during the era of the Japanese occupation of World War II, Jose P. Laurel is the only Filipino president in his time to have been shot outside of combat. During this time, the Philippines is still under Japanese occupation (independence from Americans was not granted until July 4, 1946). For accepting this post, he was inevitably accused in some … On October 14, 1943, the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic was inaugurated and Jose P. Laurel Sr. was sworn-in as President. Found inside – Page 242LAUREL, JOSE P. (1891–1959). President of the Philippines during the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic (1943–1945). During his lifetime, he distinguished himself as a jurist, legislator, administrator, writer, lawyer, educator, ... A comprehensive overview of the wars that saw the United States emerge as a world power; one that had immense implications for America, especially in Latin America and Asia. • Over 600 alphabetically organized entries in two volumes, ... Since the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965), Laurel has been officially recognized by later administrations as former president of the Philippines. Ninety three years ago, on November 18, 1928, Doy was born to Jose P. Laurel and Pacencia Hidalgo in Paco, Manila where the Laurels moved their residence after Dr. Laurel joined the government. To access this article, please, Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. "... the Filipino president that I admired most was the late wartime President Jose P. The date: October 14, 1943. Jose P. Laurel was elected as president of the second republic (the first republic was Aguinldo's Malolos Republic) and both Benigno Aquino Sr. & Ramon Avancena as a vice-presidents. On the celebration of his 62nd death anniversary, we will discuss his contributions to the country as … As the Japanese invasion mopped the Philippines up, then President Manuel L. Quezon instructed Jose P. Laurel to take care of the country as the former left for the US to maintain a Philippine government-in-exile.
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