. More concentrated solutions (10 to 15 percent) have a pH of about 13. The hypochlorite is unstable and will release chlorine which is a poisonous gas if a. The book's three-part treatment starts with a clear and rigorous exposition of metals, including topics such as preparations, structures and bonding, reactions and properties, and complex formation and sequestering. Sodium hypochlorite solutions are clear, greenish to yellow liquids with an odor of chlorine. The key difference between chlorine and sodium hypochlorite is that the chlorine (Cl 2) is a pale yellow color gas whereas the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a greenish-yellow solid at room temperature.. Chlorine and sodium hypochlorite are chemical compounds of the chemical element chlorine (Cl). To do this you must convert pounds of hypochlorite to gallons: In a typial plant operation, the chemical use (given in lb/day or gpd) is recorded daily. New York: Mac Nair-Dorland Co., 1953. . This will not decrease the amount of biological growth in the sedimentation cells. A sodium hypochlorite generator alleviates the safety concerns associated with storing and using bulk sodium hypochlorite, chlorine tablets, or chlorine gas. Remember, that the typical density of sodium hypochlorite is 144 mg/mL: Another way to calculate the feed pump setting in mL/min is: If we use the problem above and add in the information that the sodium hypochlorite has a strength of 5.25%, determine the setting in mL/min: We need to do some converting first to get it into the proper units that it calls for in the formula: Flow is given in the problem above in MGD. More concentrated solutions (10 to 15 percent) have a pH of about 13. . Due to its reactive nature, hypochlorite is particularly sensitive to the presence of trace metals such as copper, nickel, iron, chromium, cobalt and manganese that catalyze its decomposition. . Pre-chlorination is found to remove taste and odors as well as oxidize any iron, manganese or hydrogen sulfide that might be present. The longer the time period after the dosage, the lower the residual will be, untill all of the demand has been satisfied. Let's watch a video showing how to calculate the chlorine demand. Sodium hypochlorite, commonly referred to as It's a chlorine compound and has several industrial uses, including public water treatment.. Complete the math worksheet for this lesson and return to instructor via email, fax or mail. . Although residual chlorine will be detectable in the water, the chorine will be in the combined form with a weak disinfecting power. . If your measurement is given in lbs, but you need kg, the conversion to use is (1 lb/0.453 kg). Chlorine is available in a number of different forms: The strength of one form of chlorine compared to the others that must be used for a system is dependent upon the amount of water to be treated, configuration of the water system, local availability of the chemicals, and skill of the operator. First calculate the expected increase in chlorine residual: 22 lb/day = Expected Increase, mg/L x 2.2 MGD x 8.34 lb/gal. This additionally happens when sodium hypochlorite interacts with acids, daylight, certain metals and toxic and destructive gasses, including chlorine gas. for Sodium hypochlorite. To avoid this, add even more chlorine to produce a free residual chlorine. The sodium hypochlorite reaction with water is similar to gaseous chlorine, forming sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), hypochlorite ion (OCl-), and hydrogen ion (H+). . —A chemical compound consisting of sodium, oxygen and chlorine (NaOCL) which has been used for centuries for its bleaching and disinfectant properties. Reasons for Citation Friday: 45 lb/day It can be added to the receiving stream by gravity, by the use of a The sodium hypochlorite reaction with water is similar to gaseous chlorine, forming sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), hypochlorite ion (OCl-), and hydrogen ion (H+). Calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite are most commonly used by small to medium growers. Total residal is a combination of the combined and free residual. The answer is no, the water is NOT being treated past breakpoint. Bleach is very reactive and if it mixes with incompatible chemicals, it . Sunday: 46 lb/day. The main objective of adding chlorine is to disinfect the water and maintain enough chlorine in the treated water as it travels through the distribution system (chlorine residual). Residual, like demand, is based on time. The most commonly used dry hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, contains about 65 to 70% available chlorine, depending on the brand. Wednesday: 41 lb/day This fourth edition of the anthrax guidelines encompasses a systematic review of the extensive new scientific literature and relevant publications up to end 2007 including all the new information that emerged in the 3-4 years after the ... Expected increase in residual is reflected directly by the increase in chlorine dose, lb/day. . 1.Sodium hypochlorite , commonly called "liquid bleach", is commercially available in strengths approximately 15% by weight. P.O. with chlorine gas have resulted in on-site generation of sodium hypochlorite becoming a more attractive and cost-effective option. As a bleaching agent it is usually a 5 percent sodium hypochlorite with a pH of about 11. A chlorine dose of 1.85 mg/L is required for adequate disinfection throughout the system. Common household bleach is a solution of sodium hypochlorite containing 5.25% available chlorine. Subsequently, a process was developed to deliver chlorine as a dry powder by treating calcium carbonate with chlorine gas. This cancels it out on the right and brings it to the left: Let's watch a video that shows you how to calclate the chlorinator setting. The recommended concentrations of chlorine range from 50 to 200 mg/L for washing fresh vegetables . Anydrous Sodium Hypochlorite is very explosive. Hypochlorite is an ion composed of chlorine and oxygen with the chemical formula ClO−. How many pounds of calcium hypochlorite (65% available chlorine) will be required? What impurities will chlorination remove? If the water is being chlorinated beyond the breakpoint, then any increase in chlorine dose will result in a corresponding increase in chlorine residual. . Sodium Hypochlorite. If the chlorine residual after 30 minutes contact time is found to be 0.4 mg/L, what is the chlorine demand, in mg/L? For this reason it is also useful in chlorination of sewage effluents and swimming pool water. One of these byproducts, hypochlorous acid, is a powerful oxidizing agent (meaning it can accept electrons from other materials) that lends hypochlorite excellent bleaching and disinfecting abilities. . Our Sodium Hypochlorite Dry Chlorine Production System is a continuous system designed to safely produce high-quality sodium hypochlorite utilizing dry liquid or dry vapor chlorine and sodium hydroxide. It can be added to the receiving stream by gravity, by the use of a —The first known production of hypochlorite which was made by passing chlorine gas through a solution of sodium carbonate. Convert MGD to m3/day with a few given constants, like 1 m3 = 264.2 gal: We know the density of sodium hypochlorite is 144 mg/mL, but the equation asks for the density in g/cm3, so let's do that conversion: Now we can plug the values into the formula: Notice that the feed pump setting is higher when the strength of the hypochlorite is only 5.25%. Chlorine is available in a number of different forms: Chlorine Dose - amount of chlorine added to the system. The term chlorine chemically describes the chemical element, but in common it is the name for . Calculate chlorine dose, demand and residual. . Is the water being chlorinated beyond the breakpoint? If the chlorine dosage for a water is 1.2 mg/L and the demand is known to be 0.8 mg/L, what is the residual amount in the water? Sodium hypochlorite is a greenish-yellow liquid with a mild chlorine odor commonly referred to as "bleach". 1991 ("Sodium hypochlorite solutions for use in the dairying industry", which is the most relevant standard available) the standard states: 1) " When solutions of sodium hypochlorite are allowed to stand, the amount of available chlorine slowly . Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a chemical compound consisting of sodium, oxygen, and chlorine that has been used for centuries for bleaching and disinfecting. Pure elemental gaseous chlorine: a greenish-yellow gas with a pungent and irritating odor that is heavier than air, nonflammable, and nonexplosive, which is not toxic or corrosive when released to the atmosphere. Electrochlorination (electrochemical production of chlorine) can produce either gas chlorine or sodium hypochlorite (at up to 30 g/L as NaOCl) from sodium chloride (NaCl) and electrical energy using a membrane . . Today, sodium hypochlorite (commonly called chorine bleach) is mass produced by the chlorination of soda ash and is employed in many household products, including laundry bleaches, hard surface cleaners, mold and mildew removers, and drain cleaners. —A dry bleach made by treating calcium carbonate with chlorine gas. Sodium hypochlorite is an inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. At this stage, water may have a strong swimming pool or medicinal taste and odor. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1062/2014 of 4 August 20142 lays down the detailed rules for Either way you are determining the percent strength. You will hear these terms often pertaining to chlorination. $114. Now calculate the chlorine feed rate in lb/day (at a dose of 2.7 mg/L): Chlorine, lb/day = 2.7 mg/L x 1.88 MGD x 8.34 lb/gal. In recent years, a number of improved bleach-containing products have been brought to market as chemists have learned to combine sodium hypochlorite with cleaning agents, thickeners and fragrance compounds to create efficacious products with improved aesthetic properties. Sodium hypochlorite, 5% Chlorine: Show More Show Less: Safety and Handling GHS H Statement Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. This is usually expressed as: 2NaOCl + 2H2O --> 2NaOH + HOCl + OCl- + H+ The hydrochloric acid ionizes the same as gaseous chlorine, and is pH dependent. 152 153 Calcium Hypochlorite6 154 155 Calcium hypochlorite is produced by passing chlorine gas over slaked lime.7 It is then separated from the 156 coproduct, calcium chloride, and air dried or vacuumed. Since molecular chlorine is usually not present in water Pure hypochlorite is highly reactive and unstable; therefore, it is usually supplied as a dilute aqueous solution. This results in poor water quality as well as slime and biofilm growth in the distribution system that will end up contaminating the clean, treated water being distributed. Union Chlorine L.L.C. Near the end of the nineteenth century, E. S. Smith patented a method of hypochlorite production involving hydrolysis of brine to produce caustic soda and chlorine gas which then mix to form hypochlorite. Sanitary Chemicals. Unlike elemental chlorine, sodium hypochlorite adds alkalinity to the solution. It is also used in water treatment and purification. We divide each side of the equal sign by Only 4 left in stock - order soon. Not only for our drinking water, but for a host of other sanitizing applications throughout industry, municipalities, food bacteria, and residential living. Now that you know the measurements of chlorine in mg/L, you can convert that dosage to pounds per day (lb/day) (or vice versa) with the following formula: Chlorine, lb/day = Chlorine, mg/L x Flow, MGD x 8.34 lb/gal. Misuse of chemical names leads to nasty consequences to people who think they know what they are doing but do not. Thursday: 40 lb/day Even as late as the end of the eighteenth century, the British textile industry would bleach linen fabric by soaking it in sour milk for at least 48 hours, then exposing it to sunlight by laying out miles of treated fabrics on specially designated grasslands. Right after the sodium hypochlorite is added to the water, chlorine levels decline because the chlorine is reacting with inorganic and organic matter and microbes. Sodium hypochlorite (SH) is a household chemical that has been widely used since the 18th century. . Often referred to as "bleach", it is, in fact, used for bleaching. Sodium hypochlorite is a disinfectant that is liquid at room temperature and can be dosed with chemical feed pumps. Chlorine Demand - amount of chlorine used by iron, manganese, turbidity, algae, and microorganisms in the water. For example, hypochlorite-based hard surface cleaners for kitchen counter tops, mold and mildew removers for showers and baths, and drain cleaners for kitchen and bathroom sinks are now commercially available. Sodium Hypochlorite, industry strength chlorine is always in stock, it is a Western Australian produced product. Stock household bleach is 5.25% sodium hypochlorite equal to approximately 50,000 ppm available chlorine; therefore, it must be diluted to 10% with water (or expressed as a ratio, 9 parts water to 1 part bleach) to arrive at the recommended 5,000 Sodium hypochlorite is the salt formed by a negatively charged hypochlorite ion (OCl-) and a positively charged sodium ion (Na+). Sodium Hypochlorite 12.5% Sanitization of Dialysis Machine, Sodium Hypochlorite 12.5% Sewage & Wastewater Effluent Treatment, Sodium Hypochlorite 12.5% Sanitization & Disinfection of Surfaces, Sodium Hypochlorite 12.5% Swimming Pool Water Disinfection, Sodium Hypochlorite 12.5% Disinfection of Drinking Water Emergency, Public, & Individual Systems, Sodium Hypochlorite 5.25% Sanitization of Dialysis Machines, Sodium Hypochlorite 5.25% Sewage & Wastewater Effluent Treatment, Sodium Hypochlorite 5.25% Sanitization & Disinfection, Sodium Hypochlorite 5.25% Swimming Pool Water Disinfection, Sodium Hypochlorite 5.25% Disinfection of Drinking Water (Potable), Sodium Hypochlorite 12.5% Directions For Use, Sodium Hypochlorite 5.25% Directions For Use, Sodium Hypochlorite Strength of Solutions. This pocketbook is a concise companion for health care professionals who manage patients with acute lung infections. All Rights Reserved However, this method of bleaching was far from ideal since it resulted in damage to the fabric wherever the concentrated hypochlorite powder came into contact with the fibers. This is the point at which near complete oxidation of nitrogen compounds is reached. This is a The Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites provides an excellent guide to the latest concepts and technologies in wood chemistry and bio-based composites. Sodium hypochlorite is used for chlorination of water. 2. A comprehensive reference covering all aspects of the clinical management of adult and child dialysis patients. This edition includes seven new chapters including one on EPO use in dialysis patients and one on the HIV positive patient. When calculating the chemical feed pump settling, in mL/min, use the following formula: A hypochlorinator is used to disinfect the water pumped from a well. This would control the biological growth, remove iron and manganese, remove taste and odors, control algae growth, and remove color from the water. The main states of concern here are the solid form (calcium hypochlorite) and the liquid form (sodium hypochlorite) of chlorine. These two reactants are the major co-products from most chlor-alkali cells. X%) is attached as an image Chlorination is a water treatment that destroys disease-causing bacteria, nuisance bacteria, parasites and other organisms. How many pounds of chlorine will this require? And in todayâs environment, pure clean water is more critical than ever. It is usually called bleach, because it is the active ingredient in bleach. Let's take a look at the feed rate equation for lb/day and maneuver it to get dosage on one side by itself: To get mg/L on one side alone you will divide both sides by: (Flow, MGD x 8.34 lb/gal). . Sodium Hypochlorite . . Sometimes everything is given in either pounds or kilograms and no conversion is needed. Hill Brothers manufactures bleach at our Phoenix, AZ facility and supplies both bleach and packaged chlorine throughout Arizona and beyond. Chemical Publishing Co. Inc., 1978. Encyclopedia of the Alkaline Earth Compounds is a compilation describing the physical and chemical properties of all of the alkaline earth compounds that have been elucidated to date in the scientific literature. Shop Sodium hypochlorite, 5% active chlorine, Thermo Scientific™ at Fishersci.co.uk Sodium hypochlorite is a clear, slightly yellowish solution with a characteristic odor. . The system is constructed with the highest quality components available to ensure long service life with a minimum amount of maintenance. Chlorine.-Bleach. . Bottled solutions of hypochlorite were sold under numerous trade names; one such early brand produced by this method was called Parozone. Any residual beyond breakpoint is mostly free chlorine. of household bleach diluted to approximately 5,000 parts-per-million (ppm) available chlorine [1,2]. We could recover the sugar by evaporating the water. . This short guide will explain sodium hypochlorite's ability to disinfect water, how this . In this step the chlorine is usually added directly to the raw water, or added in the flash mixer. —A measure of the oxidative potential of a chlorine containing solution. Because hypochlorites are not 100% pure chlorine, more pounds per day must be fed into the system to obtain the same amount of chlorine for disinfection. Let's define them: A water is tested and found to have a chlorine demand of 1.5 mg/L. As you can see from the graph above, adding more chlorine to the water at this oint actually decreases the chlorine residual as the additional chlorine destroys the combined chlorine compounds. So to prepare 100 litres of a 200ppm solution of Hypo - Sodium Hypochlorite, dilute 160ml of a 12.5% Sodium Hypochlorite solution with water. It maintains quality by reducing microbial populations and controlling their growth . —A chemical element whose strong oxidizing abilities make it useful as a disinfectant and deodorizer. At times, distribution systems can be a fair distance from the storage tanks and in dead end sections where water is not used, pathogens may re-grow if a proper chlorine residual isn't maintained in the treated water sent out for consumption. On-site generation (Plate 19(c)) produces a weak hypochlorite (<10 g/l) solution that is easy to handle and avoids many of the safety hazards associated with the use of purchased liquefied chlorine and bulk sodium hypochlorite. This tells us we need the total residual to be greater than 1.199 mg/L. First calculate the chlorine dosage in mg/L: Chlorine dose, mg/L = 2.1 mg/L + 0.6 mg/L. and its Licensors This process of making NaOCl is known as the Hooker Process and yields three products: sodium hypochlorite, water, and a salt, which here is sodium chloride (NaCl). Chlorine (sodium hypochlorite) is one of the most widely used sanitizers of fruits, vegetables and fresh-cut produce. Sodium hypochlorite solution grades are typically defined by differences in product assay and/or alkalinity content. Sodium hypochlorite is still chlorine but in a liquid form, it has the same ability to negatively impact the environment, however, because it is perceived to be "safe" regulations do not specify the same safeguards for transport, storage and use. than 2.0 mg/L of free chlorine residual present (this ensures the water does not have an unpleasant taste or odor). To use the mg/L to lb/day conversion, the gallon volume of the pipeline must first be determined. This is the point at which near complete oxidation of nitrogen compounds is reached. . Strength: 12.5%. The calculation performed in this tool is based on the following equation: C1 x V1 = C2 x V2. Hill Brothersâ liquid bleach is available in a standard concentration of 12.5% and 10% by weight sodium hypochlorite and is certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 60. When sodium hypochlorite is dissolved in water is gives free chlorine that forms hypochlorous acid which actively takes part in disinfection process. 14.5% available chlorine: Density: 1.2 g/cm 3 at 20°C: Vapor Pressure: 23 hPa (17mm Hg) at 20°C: Color: Yellow: Quantity: 500g: Chemical Name or Material: Sodium hypochlorite, 14.5% available chlorine Pour directly into your swimming pool or feed via a peristaltic metering pump. With comprehensive coverage of the principles of corrosion engineering, this book is a one-stop text and reference for students and practicing corrosion engineers. This groundbreaking book covers every aspect of deadly toxic chemicals used as weapons of mass destruction and employed in conflicts, warfare and terrorism. Chlorine is available in one of three forms: sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite and liquid chlorine. Free chlorine has the highest disinfecting power. Today, an improved version of this method, known as the Hooker process, is the only large scale industrial method of sodium hypochlorite production. Schwarcz, Leonard. At that point warmed sodium hypochlorite disintegrates. with chlorine gas have resulted in on-site generation of sodium hypochlorite becoming a more attractive and cost-effective option. Sodium hypochlorite is a clear, light yellow-green liquid and is supplied in various strengths. 4.5%) to the concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution (i.e. Googling MSDS sheets, density is about 1.2 kg/L, but may vary due to amounts of NaOH, NaCl, and other ingredients left over from processing (and that help stabilize and slow decomposition). Chlorine bleach is formed by mixing water with the chlorine-based compound sodium hypochlorite. Sodium Hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl.Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly known as bleach, is frequently used as a disinfectant and as a bleaching agent. . The most commonly used dry hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, contains about 65 to 70% available chlorine, depending on the brand. You need to maneuver the equation so the expected increase will be alone to solve for it. Over the last few hundred years, one of the primary uses for sodium hypochlorite has been for the bleaching of fabrics, particularly cotton. Often referred to as "bleach", it is, in fact, used for bleaching. "Do Not Bleach" means no bleach should be used, unless you check the fiber content and test for colorfastness with any bleach product you want to try first. Handbook of Magnetic Materials, Volume 29, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters written by an international board of authors on topics such as spin-orbit torque. ADD TO ORDER LIST. If the flow rate treated is 2,400,000 gpd, what is the chlorine dosage, in mg/L? Uses: Sodium Hypochlorite has wide applications due to it being a core sanitizer and cleaner with applications not only in water treatment, including potable water but also for irrigation/agriculture sectors who use it for flushing purposes. This volume provides in-depth coverage of environmental pollution sources, waste characteristics, control technologies, management strategies, facility innovations, process alternatives, costs, case histories, effluent standards, and future ... A care label that reads "Any Bleach" means you can use either sodium hypochlorite bleach or peroxide bleaches. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a solution made from reacting chlorine with a sodium hydroxide solution. It is manufactured by passing gaseous chlorine through a well-cooled solution of dilute Caustic Soda. . It is a bit of a misnomer to use the term liquid chlorine. The manufacturing of sodium hypochlorite is frequently performed by reacting chlorine gas (Cl 2), or its liquid form, with the caustic sodium hydroxide (NaOH), chilled and diluted. Chlorine demand, mg/L = Chlorine dose, mg/L - Chlorine residual, mg/L, Chlorine demand, mg/L = 1.8 mg/L - 0.4 mg/L. . Sodium hypochlorite gained widespread use not only as for industrial fabric treatment but also as a home laundry bleach. The average flow rate being chlorinated is 1.32 MGD. With an on-site generation of chlorine, a generator produces sodium hypochlorite at a cost that is significantly lower than purchasing from an outside source the hypochlorite stays fresh . This can be very important in the destruction of cyanides or sulfides where acidic conditions could release a toxic hydrogen gas or hydrogen sulfide gas. V1 is the volume of the bleach to be diluted with water. 151 sodium hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide are described below. If a teaspoon of sugar is dropped into a glass of water it gradually disappears as it dissolves in the water. Sodium hypochlorite is used for chlorination of water. Such data provides a record of daily use from which the average daily use of the chemical or solution can be calculated. Let's watch a video explaining breakpoint chlorination. Result: The minimum effective dosage (MED) for disinfect of simulative water samples were 0.4 mg/L of chlorine dioxide, 0.5 mg/L of sodium hypochlorite, and the 0.1 mg/L + 0.3 mg/L or 0.2 mg/L + 0.2 mg/L of their combination. Sodium hypochlorite is the active constituent in chlorine bleach. In this lesson we will learn the following: Chlorine deactivates microorganisms through several mechanisms that can destroy most biological contaminants, including: Chlorination can be done at any point and time throughout the water treatment process. The same oxidative mechanism responsible for hypochlorite's bleaching ability also makes it an effective germicide. If you know you have 3500 lbs of calcium hypochlorite in storage, how many days' supply do you have? Sodium hypochlorite is a strong liquid oxidizing agent and has a greenish or yellowish hue. You'll need to work backwards on this one, plugging in what you are given first: First multiply both sides by 0.66 to cancel it out on the right, leaving: 24.42 lb/day = (x mg/L)(2.4 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal). Chlorine evaporates at a rate of 0.75 gram per day of active . Chalmers, Louis. Have a great day. Sodium hypochlorite is unstable. Another important use for hypochlorite is as a sanitizer or disinfectant. The actual chlorine breakpoint can only be determined by experimentation. . A working group of 23 experts from 13 countries met in Lyon to evaluate the evidence for carcinogenicity of arsenic (mostly naturally occurring) as a contaminant of drinking-water, and of the water-disinfectant chloramine. Its disinfectant properties have also been utilized for the sanitization of food processing equipment, particularly milking utensils used in the dairy industry. The objective of this book is to convey to academic and industrial researchers and students advances in synthetic and characterization methods in 9 selected areas of polymer chemistry reported in 2007-2008 US Patents. The solution is made from reacting chlorine with a sodium hydroxide solution. The term "available chlorine" is often used to describe the concentration of hypochlorous acid in solution (which provides a measure of the solution's oxidative ability). After those reactions are complete, chlorine in water will slowly escape into the air as a gas. Re: sodium hypochlorite 12.5% --> % chlorine w/w Ok, 12.5% w/v is 125 g/L of NaOCl. . This study represents the first chlorine-matched comparative assessment of the antimicrobial activities of aerosolized sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, and electrochemically activated solution (ECAS) to determine their relative abilities to decontaminate various surface-associated health care-relevant microbial challenges. Hope this helps, you might find some online calculators through Google to make this easier so you don't have to work it out each time. Virgin cotton fibers are not pure white and must be processed to remove their natural coloration. One marked advantage of hypochlorite for these applications is the fact that it, in addition to working quickly, rapidly breaks down to innocuous compounds. Removal of formic acid from This book enlightens the type, chemical structure, and application of photo-catalysts. 1. This is usually expressed as: 2NaOCl + 2H2O --> 2NaOH + HOCl + OCl- + H+ The hydrochloric acid ionizes the same as gaseous chlorine, and is pH dependent. When chlorine is added to natural waters, the chlorine begins combining with and oxidizing the chemicals in the water before it begins disinfecting.
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