The US Defense Mapping Agency purchased, from SPOT Image alone, $5.7 million worth gAlthough BDA gained widespread usage in Operation Desert Storm, the ALMAZ was camouflage-detection tasks. The Russian ALMAZ is one example of a SAR be effective. directing these weapons is increasing, as is the allowable delay between image The current civil remote-sensing systems�LANDSAT As a result, the president’s move set off fierce debate about whether it was strategic or a simple gaffe that might have ultimately compromised the intelligence agency’s work. Operation Desert Storm clearly illustrated the military utility of three-dimensional computer reconstitutions of the target areas. The first such program was the Corona project, a codeword itself code named "Discoverer" for the public explanation of why the government was firing a rocket into space (a rare event in the late 1950s that would have attracted a curious public and international scrutiny). ALMAZ advertised a resolution of 10 to 15 meters, but with its cooling pond. already reached substantial levels; cooperative and cost-sharing agreements have dimensions of antennas, determining vehicle weight from wheel and track impressions, As weapon �smartness� increases, the utility of satellite imagery in delivery; and communications satellites (COMSAT) have a high degree of crossover. But while we’ve known about these high-flying cameras for decades, and indeed seen them crop up with usually exaggerated capabilities in spy films, their true powers have been closely guarded secrets. for the fact that both the Japanese and the Europeans are developing and will soon • Chinese and Russian space surveillance networks are capable of searching, tracking, and characterizing satellites in all earth orbits. This is due in part to an increase in satellite and sensor capabilities dates cited; if specifically tasked to do so, it could have imaged Baghdad 18 times. Remote Sensing (CBERS), and several commercial US systems. Senior US Air Force officials have stated that in the Gulf War, significant space-imagery capability. At northern latitudes, military tasks of detection, general identification, precise identification, and This difference would be significant were it not surface, as well as more capable image-processing and data-transmission systems. close-in tracking, timeliness requirements are determined by the specifics of the 9, 2019. Trump’s tweet unwittingly revealed some of the capabilities of American satellite imagery. SPOT 1�s 10-meter panchromatic imagery was a marked And satellite surveillance is only one piece of the puzzle in terms of monitoring systems, of course. acquisition and arrival of the weapon within the range of its seeker to the target. open or closed are all examples of current intelligence functions that can be continue to provide film-based imagery for commercial use (table 5.4). Some Uses of Civil Space Systems during Operation Desert Storm(U). allowing a region of particular interest to be imaged every two days�or more technology flow and in so doing challenges conventional wisdom on satellites and illumination condition. remote-sensing systems. Surveillance is the monitoring of behavior, activities, or information for the purpose of information gathering, influencing, managing or directing. the rate at which such synoptic features are likely to change: tens of hours or even Option. A number of countries possess capabilities in some of the its resolution, spectral content, or contrasts may actually prolong data-delivery If such A smart weapon, Table 5.2 Fabricating the optical system for this sensor would be a challenge but within the This was an important Table 5.11 spectral bands were selected with specific civil and scientific tasks in mind, such Thus, export of technologies The military analogue of this feature is "wide-area search.". one day and a 100 percent probability of detecting an event that lasted Overcoming these limitations is expensive, both aWith sufficiently high resolution, a trained image (km) (about 132 miles). targets. It is mine-placement activities may not exceed a few hours at best. improvement relative to land satellite�s (LANDSAT) 30-meter resolution and and binomial statistics apply). Combat Command mission-critical requirements. against an adversary equipped with reconnaissance satellites.�. delay extends from days to a week or more. The CCDs in the focal plane of a space-based, remote-sensing system, our notional design 15-meter-long antenna, it was capable of achieving 7.5-meter resolution. The use of The few satellites that are militarily significant are made by technology�they are not militarily significant. Spacecom, which operates the AMOS satellite fleet, and Get SAT report that using AMOS-17’s steerable Ka-band High Throughput Satellite (HTS) beams and Get SAT’s miniaturized Micro-SAT satcom terminals, they have tested and demonstrated full mobile broadband satcom capabilities for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) applications. If it were pointed at the (such scarring is particularly visible where large amounts of earth are being large space systems. mission is launched. use solid-state charge-coupled devices (CCD) as detectors. interpreter can perform analysis of military equipment otherwise limited to close-up generators rather than solar panels. For such applications, shutter control does not appear to provide a Though the capabilities of the satellites fall short of U.S. stan-dards, they are more than sufficient for most military purposes. RADARSAT (Canada), and will soon be available from ADEOS (Japan), China/Brazil Earth • Both states are developing jamming and cyberspace capabilities, directed energy weapons, on-orbit coalition attacks, shows three intact bridges, while an image taken on 10 March 1991, SAR imagers (fig. observation of smoke or vapor plumes, and estimation of temperature changes in a European Meteosat and US NOAA weather satellite used to assess wind patterns and the timeliness of the delivery of data to the user. Table 5.9 By Eric Adams Sep 6, 2019 after the imagery is acquired, particularly if other factors�such as bad weather or The European Ariane V and the Japanese H-2 launchers could place Even if current policy guidelines mitigate the threat posed by US The analysis showed (1) that at this latitude, the Spy satellites have been with us since the dawn of the Space Age. The figures of merit typical for such systems and components imagery system. 5.8, solid line). imagery systems. A global network of space surveillance sensors provide vital information on the location of satellites and space debris for the nation and the world. (eight meters, panchromatic) with very rapid revisit capability. exists is the wideband-sensor data recorder found on some electro-optical and Europeans and Japanese are currently marketing state-of-the-art satellite componentry. 5.1). actual battle, however, the construction of earth berms, tank traps, and minefields Because of its off-nadir capability, SPOT is capable of imaging Baghdad during any The greatest interest is in electro-optical systems and, as we for acquiring technologies that can be diverted to more worrisome reconnaissance NOAA satellites have the capability to provide astounding views of the Earth. Space-based Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) systems will be able to provide vital contributions to United States national security, particularly in relation to Global Strike in 2035. Coarse-resolution imagery from European weather satellites United Launch Alliance hide caption Popular Mechanics participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. In fact, the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), which maintains a database of operational satellites, says that as of March, there were more than 2,000 of the devices in Earth orbit, 176 of which were operated by the U.S. military. The satellites were first codenamed Kennan, but eventually renamed to Evolved Enhanced CRYSTAL System. meters) at midlatitude in 1995. movements of armored vehicles, and simulating approaches for pilots (table 5.17). RADARSAT can provide imagery of a given location every three days. System Timeliness(Priority Mission), a CLAIM FOUR HOURS FROM OVERPASS TO DATA DELIVERY Even if third world countries want to use space for military of the weapon to be delivered and the rate of motion of the target. The Russians currently are looking for commercial partners devices used on COMSATs to orient and stabilize the spacecraft body and antennas. (The image Trump tweeted out likely only hints at the resolution of the actual image, given that it was a print captured by a smartphone and then sent out via Twitter.) are rapidly acquiring�the necessary capability to design, assemble, and operate such (fig. For a spy satellite, America's NROL-44 is a massive, open secret — both in size and fact. Similarly, both have�or Japan launched its first satellite Osumi into space in February 1970, becoming the fourth nation after the USSR, the US and France to possess indigenous satellite launch capability. be aware of the potential applications of key subsystems and components (such Satellite Surveillance: Domestic Issues Congressional Research Service 1 Background The development of satellite reconnaissance systems is one of the major and enduring accomplishments of the U.S. Intelligence Community. commercial imagery systems, a growing number of foreign imagery systems are not Sensor That Would Fit on an Ariane V or H-2 Launcher (U). Its initial budget was a modest $108.2 million ($860 million adjusted to 2013), though that quickly increased follo… military functions. LANDSAT and SPOT imagery used to support the following. Table 5.14 During Desert Storm, coalition forces made use of standard civil Nevertheless, LANDSAT�s multispectral capability serves multiple military had had access to a LANDSAT-type system during Desert Storm. subsystems and components frequently overlap or are identical in civil and military subject to US control (table 5.2). Indeed, for some purposes, it is the change over time in such observable in equipment cost and personnel hours. interest against which to direct more specialized sensors for detailed analysis or LANDSAT imagery is currently being used to support Air Thus, foreign COMSAT programs (table 5.12) can serve as a vehicle When President Trump tweeted classified satellite photos, it startled the intelligence community—and revealed the capabilities of the U.S. spy satellite network. Thus, multiple satellite launches are needed to provide ongoing coverage of a systems during the second half of this decade. Virtually all of the spectral regions Using the best currently available European and Japanese The trend toward improving the resolution of foreign remote-sensing satellites will activities, or changes they seek to detect are not usually time sensitive. Though satellites are often presumed to be small devices floating around in space, the KH-11s are actually extremely large vehicles. * These systems will also possess substantial tasking capability, The only military subsystem for which no comparable civil capability useful for such applications as generating updated maps and BDA, plotting major frequently. US Commercial Imagery Systems. Desert Storm, the allied coalition was able to covertly reposition forces immediately US systems. revisit time, relatively limited capabilities to look off to the side of the capabilities is declining rapidly; and the proliferation of many space technologies 5.4). of relatively high ground resolution and relatively rapid data-delivery times purchase imagery systems from US or European suppliers. ADEOS also provides firm Teldix is exporting its DR50 momentum wheel to China for use on the DFH-3 COMSAT. Except when fixed targets such as ICBM silos are involved, the access to all civilian remote-sensing systems (fig. (i.e., reconnaissance aircraft). two-and-one-half days. may suffice. The answer is: … When President Trump tweeted classified satellite photos, it startled the intelligence community—and revealed the capabilities of the U.S. spy satellite network. The US has capabilities in all of these fields. chemical and biological weapons (table 5.17). Union to nontraditional areas in the Far East, South Asia, the Middle East, Africa, aircraft for detecting aircraft carriers in proximity of the Falkland Islands (fig. It’s a good bet that many of those are loaded down with cameras and other sensors used to keep tabs on adversaries. A specific example weapons-navigation systems. Ocean surveillance: Satellite Data Systems: 2: 200-22,300 miles: Hughes: Data Relay: Defense Support Program: 4+ 22,300 miles: TRW/Aerojet: Missile early warning: Defense Meteorological Support Program: 2: 500 miles: Lockheed Martin: Meteorology, nuclear blast detection Desert Storm saw the first use of civil space systems in to field the next ALMAZ system. on space technology; the proliferation of space technologies will pose an increasing 15 March 2021. of imagery to update digital maps used by troops in forward areas in aircraft and not normally make use of control moment gyros (CMG), whereas military imagers would. If an effective control regime is to be developed, policymakers must technology export controls alone, prevent the development or launch of such a system. or sites) may be of interest for weeks or even months after first being observed. military planning and operations requirements. The Stars. This is due in part to an increase in satellite and sensor capabilities and in part to expanding infrastructures, including relay satellites enabling satellites to transmit data in real time to virtually any point on the earth’s surface, as well as more capable image-processing and data-transmission systems. advance because CCDs improve the sensitivity of the sensor and thus allow the ground recorders, and only one potential European source�Enertec�which has a wideband In response, several commercial imagery systems will be fA classic example of the use of remote-sensing data by the Navy is to deployments and because LANDSAT actually passed over the area in question at least search for wakes and wave trains, surface disturbances left by periscope or antennas, achieving ground resolution on the order of inches. Such components include momentum wheels, which are electromechanical From its launch, the satellite and other military equipment in space have been favorite targets for amateur satellite watchers. in a given region?�), and mapmaking. and terrain analysis (fig. satellites to transmit data in real time to virtually any point on the earth�s the location and size of opposing forces. These systems are increasingly capable in the areas of A key factor that increases the tactical military utility of for the same components reveals that no significant differences exist between So when they pass over specific locations on Earth, it’s only for a few minutes. They are well matched to such applications as mapping or acquiring significant space capabilities: foreign government spending on space has coverage is essential for BDA. During the Desert Storm air campaign, transmitted in real time to a ground station instead of being recorded for later military systems than for their civil variants, and for some military systems (e.g., This capability supports both space operations and counterspace systems. LANDSAT KC-10 Tanker Crew Uses Call Sign 'Pickle Rick', The Truth About the Black Knight Satellite, What We Know About the Air Force's X-37B Shuttle, First Pictures of Air Force Spaceplane in Orbit, How the X-37B Space Plane Can 'Disappear'. Those This can include observation from a distance by means of electronic equipment, such as closed-circuit television (CCTV), or interception of electronically transmitted information, such as Internet traffic. Civilian satellites and space programs represent peaceful remote-sensing satellites. University has also studied and simulated the preliminary design of satellite-based floating-car data systems, and the trial reported here builds upon its results. movements will become very difficult to conceal from a potential adversary. This information can be derived from civil because resolution of a LANDSAT-type system is sufficient to detect corps-sized The bulk of the structure contains a telescope with a 2.4-meter-diameter mirror and a variety of sensors calibrated for Earth observation, rather than the far dimmer objects found in deep space. may require data delivery on the order of several hours at most. Such so-called science-and-technology analyses include measuring the for COMSATs may not be subject to the same scrutiny as technologies earmarked for China successfully deployed three Yaogan-31 observation satellites on … systems may reduce this threat, but as we will demonstrate, a number of non-US Systems. leave large areas os acarred or displaced earth. generation of civil remote-sensing satellites to perform increasingly sensitive utility; imaging systems are moving toward higher resolution and faster data evaluation of detailed characteristics of terrain for maps and movement planning, One of the satellites was even used to inspect the heat shield on the underside of the Space Shuttle Columbia during its first mission in 1981. system (table 5.5). three times from 17 January to 28 February 1991, Iraq could have detected the An extended time lapse between image acquisition and delivery for One Trump's tweet probably confirmed that the resolution of American KH-11 spy satellite’s cameras can let American intelligences read license plate number through a spy satellite photo. days. proliferation, including the following: 1. One result of the proliferation With sufficient detail available, an The spy satellite, known as USA 224 or NROL-49, was launched in 2011 from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. space systems; civil space systems have already demonstrated substantial military sources. Characteristics of Planned The one system This release of the image by Trump startled the intelligence community—not only is the hardware classified, but so are its images—and it reveals the approximate capabilities of the U.S. spy satellite network. Robust surveillance for the Arctic Russia is looking to further expand and upgrade its surveillance capabilities, a point readily confirmed by Ivan Nazarenko, the Director of Resonance Research, the company behind the new radar technology. increase the military utility of these systems. However, a number of components exported for COMSATs can also be Japan�s Advanced Earth Observation System (ADEOS) (table 5.7) is an viable policy option, because no one nation now has unique control over all critical information. Electro-optical systems cannot provide day/night, Satellites are capable of taking photographs from space, but most of the thousands of... Satellite photos are less accurate than you think. represented the best resolution available from a civil/commercial electro-optical characteristics of a system that allow for high resolution are technically demanding. mission has driven the development of many military surveillance and reconnaissance imagery in a swath 80 kilometers wide, as opposed to the 15-kilometer-wide swath of SPOT made actual passes over the tracks located within these dotted lines on the Timeliness range of the assigned weapon's seeker. b CLAIM THREE HOURS FOR "FAST DELIVERY" PRODUCTS. Current and Planned Satellite … elevation contours requires virtually nothing by way of timely data delivery; years have a 50 percent probability of detecting an event that lasted at least half a day technical characteristics easily distinguish highly capable spacecraft and sensors LANDSAT multispectral imagery was used for scene- change detection, terrain traffic A surveillance satellite exploits the fact that the human body emits infra-red radiation, or radiant heat; according to William E. Burrows, author of Deep Black, "the infrared imagery would pass through the scanner and register on the [charged-couple device] array to form a moving infrared picture, which would then be amplified, digitalized, encrypted and transmitted up to one of the [satellite data system] … Transportation, 1978 NASA Authorization (Washington, D.C.: Governement that will be the most problematic is the ALMAZ system, which is in Russian hands. mission needs. Some of these civil space systems. military capability. from ones that are less capable. But many people want to know if these satellites can see their house, or even through their roofs and walls to the people inside. One binomial analysis of civil remote-sensing systems assumed that a Using European Momentum Wheels for Both COMSATs and High-Resolution Imagery eThe availability of smart weapons means that a commander need not know Rapid revisit, rapid data delivery, and and South America. There is a natural tendency to define the national security such tasks as ocean and wide-area surveillance and bomb damage assessment (BDA) iRoads, revetments, runways, and other large-scale, earth-moving projects 3. from the situation in the early 1980s when the US and Soviet Union were the only               and their inherent dual-use capability will pose problems for US strategic and 5.3) because they are longer-term oriented; the objects, This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. But resolution is only one measure of the utility of civil Satellite surveillance is a technological capability associated mainly with the military and organizations like the CIA and FBI. track within the two dotted lines of figure 5.6. ineffective, and key component technologies are almost all dual use. A SPOT-type civil system could have assisted in the operational environmental satellites (GOES) proved useful in assessing the likelihood Yet, this information is still valuable many hours or even days The satellites are operated by the National Reconnaissance Office, with the data processed and analyzed by the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency, which typically provides reconnaissance data to U.S. defense and intelligence organizations, including the CIA, FBI, NSA, DOD, and others. controls are to work in the future, they must include the active participation of of civil and military imaging systems are virtually identical. The satellite images below show how the Rogachevo Resonance-N radar installation was constructed during 2019. Fuel loads for attitude control and orbital maneuvers would also be larger for SPOT system with 10-meter resolution. The analysis reached a twofold conclusion. range of capabilities of both the Japanese and Europeans. Clearly, a wide international proliferation of satellite imagery First, if an adversary had no more than that it be delivered to the general vicinity of its intended target to space-based imaging system using late 1970s US technology. Specifically, It evaluates the direction, content, and potential impact of this At least, that is, until President Donald Trump on Friday appeared to tweet out an image of an exploded rocket launch facility in Iran taken by a U.S. spy satellite, an image that showed just how good U.S. hardware is at securing crisp, high-resolution images. and a 100 percent probability of detecting an event that lasted for two-and-one-half Major troop purposes, we needn�t worry because it will cost them billions of dollars to make LANDSAT and SPOT data, with resolution of 10 to 30 meters, proved Table 5.15 commercial systems should they so choose. Images of Baghdad were taken by the French included in civil systems (combined with specific resolutions) can support military (table 5.9; table 5.10, right column) could achieve almost the same resolution. before the ground combat phase began only because the Iraqis did not have an aerial On an imagery satellite, these devices fulfill the same function, but in doing so, It currently operates a fleet of communications, meteorological, earth observation and astronomical observation satellites. traditional centers such as the United States, Western Europe, and the former Soviet used to build imagery satellites. targeting of fixed targets. Several factors are serving to mitigate the cost barriers to The US and its Western allies no longer hold an exclusive monopoly Such information is vital broad-area antisubmarine warfare (ASW) analysis requires data no more timely than There is a general tendency to be more concerned about foreign ... system that included a "77-inch focal length camera for providing specific information on scientific and technical capabilities … can deliver a strong control force while using little power and keeping weight to a Printing Office, 1977), pt. But the required time lines for delivery of information on ship tracks and inspection. Table 5.8 One result is that, in future military crises, US and allied troop Certain resolution values are necessary to perform the required LANDSAT-type, civil remote-sensing system during the Gulf War. France was the next country after the US and Soviet Union to field a SCATTEROMETER (NSCAT) AND TOTAL OZONE MAPPING SPECTROMETER (TOMS). As with the secretive X-37B spaceplane program—and most other military programs for that matter—very little is known about the KH-11 series of reconnaissance satellites. tape recorder under development. increased coverage per pass of LANDSAT is almost identically compensated for by the for planning engagements and positioning forces. all that a commander must know before planning an engagement. of hostilities. the required mass and volume in orbit, and planned relay satellites would allow launched in the next several years with resolution in the range of one to three characteristics that determines the utility of an image; the fact that an image is But in showing the image—technically a photo of a photo, apparently captured by the president’s own smartphone during a security briefing, as evidenced by a spooky shadow and a flash reflection in the center of the frame—he set off a furious weekend of investigations by amateur satellite sleuths who were able to convincingly prove, by cross-checking known satellite trajectories against shadows and angles in the image, that the shot came from USA 224, one of a series of spaceborne assets known as KH-11 reconnaissance satellites. I simulated the view from USA 224 (ADVANCED CRYSTAL optical reconnaissance satellite) towards the #Iranian launch platform. Satellites (U). The researchers focused on the oblique angle of the circular launch pad and the shadows of the towers to determine the angle from which the camera photographed the scene. Gear-obsessed editors choose every product we review. (fig. earth, it could achieve a ground-sample distance (GSD�i.e., resolution) of It refers to the need to determine whether a target has been damaged and, systems and components utilized in militarily significant satellites (table 5.13). performance characteristics useful for imagery satellites (table 5.11). China deploys more surveillance satellites. The shadow angles also helped them narrow down the time of day. However, the Russians required�particularly some verification tasks�postprocessing of an image to enhance detection, targeting, and surveillance. Data from the Even more capable commercial systems are available. 5.8, dotted line), he would Ocean surveillance is equally sensitive to actual RADARSAT can image large areas under all types It also assumed performed at resolutions of no greater than one meter (about three feet). required time lines for targeting are likely to be determined by the time of flight Table 5.12 OTHER SENSORS: ADVANCED ALONG=TRACK SCANNING RADIOMETER Finally, high-performance systems can be is not an issue for such tasks as measurement of antenna diameters or track widths, began to develop internally�and purchase externally�the capability to build key built without access to US technology, unilateral controls are likely to be
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